Romania issued 60,840 first residence permits for work in 2025, 38.0 percent more than in 2024 and more than any of its six peers except Poland. That is 5.5 for every 1,000 residents aged 20 to 64, against 4.9 across the EU, and four in ten went to citizens of Nepal. The General Inspectorate for Immigration issued 118,071 work authorisations, a count of wider scope that includes changes of employer. The rules are tightening: Government Decision 1169 of 30 December 2025 cut the quota to 90,000 for 2026, and a court suspended the shortage list on 10 September 2026. At that quota our estimate for 2026 is about 54,800, below the count of 2025; for 2027 the range is too wide for a yearly number, and the direction is flat.
Observed
First residence permits for work, 2025
60,840
Our estimate
Permits in 2026, 33,800 to 83,000
54,800
A line on a stated assumption
Permits a year in 2031, capped at the 2026 quota
54,800
Projection of the source
Fewer aged 20 to 64 by 2041
871,000
Workforce Migration Report 2026, Romania3
19 million people, catching up with the EU, fewer and older
Romania has 19.0 million people, 829,325 fewer than in 2015: deaths outnumber births, and until 2021 more people left than arrived. Since 2022 arrivals have filled most of the gap. Output per head is 48 percent of the EU average, but 78 percent once lower prices are counted, up from 56 percent in 2015. Eurostat projects 7.8 percent fewer people aged 20 to 64 in 2041 than in 2026.
People living in Romania on 1 January 2026
19,041,322
4.2 percent fewer than in 2015, and 4.2 percent of the EU's 452.0 million. People aged 65 and over were 20.3 percent of the population in 2025.
GDP in 2025, billion euro at current prices
380.1
2.0 percent of the EU economy.
GDP per head in 2025
19,960euro
48 percent of the EU average of 41,700 euro. Counting lower prices at home, 78 percent, up from 56 percent in 2015.
Real growth in 2025
0.7%
Against 1.4 percent across the EU. Over 2021 to 2025 the economy grew 14.4 percent in all, the EU 13.7 percent (our estimate from the yearly rates).
People aged 20 to 64 in work, 2025
69.0%
Against 76.1 percent across the EU.
Schengen and a new hiring law
1 January 2025Full member of Schengen: land border checks end.
27 April 2026A new emergency ordinance sets the rules for hiring foreigners.
Sources: Eurostat, demo_gind (population, updated 21 July 2026), nama_10_gdp and nama_10_pc (GDP, updated 21 September 2026), tec00114 (price adjusted GDP per head), tec00115 (growth), lfsi_emp_a (employment), demo_pjanbroad (age). All retrieved 27 September 2026. Figures for 2025 GDP, GDP per head and growth are provisional. Council of the European Union, Decision (EU) 2024/3212 of 12 December 2024; Emergency Ordinance 32/2026, Monitorul Oficial 335 of 27 April 2026. Both retrieved 27 September 2026.
Workforce Migration Report 2026, Romania4
Deaths exceed births, arrivals nearly close the gap
Deaths outnumbered births by more than 100,000 in 2024 and 2025, and since 2022 arrivals cover most of the gap
In 2025, 238,316 people died and 134,238 were born. Net migration added 102,249, so the population fell by 1,829.
Births minus deathsNet migration
Source: Eurostat, demo_gind (updated 21 July 2026), migr_imm1ctz and migr_emi1ctz (moves of a year or more), retrieved 27 September 2026. Net migration includes Eurostat's statistical adjustment. Moves not yet published are left blank.
About 17.83 million people by 2041 on Eurostat's projection
Observed to 2026, then Eurostat's 2025 projection in the lighter line.
Source: Eurostat, demo_gind (observed, updated 21 July 2026) and proj_25np (EUROPOP2025 baseline and migration tests, updated 11 June 2026), retrieved 27 September 2026.
The share aged 65 and over rises to 25%
0 to 1415 to 6465 and over
Source: Eurostat, demo_pjanbroad (2025) and proj_25np (2041), retrieved 27 September 2026.
380.1 billion euro in 2025, and the IMF forecast to 2031
Billion euro, 2025 pricesIMF forecast
Growth: Eurostat tec00115 to 2025 (provisional), then IMF World Economic Outlook April 2026. Levels: Eurostat nama_10_gdp; Werklist calculation; retrieved 27 September 2026.
ContentsThe countryWhere the market is nowThe outlookMethod and sourcesWorkforce Migration Report 2026, RomaniaRequest
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Residence permits for work have almost quadrupled since 2019
Growth paused in 2024, then permits rose 38 percent in 2025
Romania issued 60,840 first residence permits for work in 2025, against 44,084 in 2024 and 16,394 in 2019.
Source: Eurostat, migr_resfirst, first residence permits issued for employment, reference years 2019 to 2025, updated 11 September 2026, retrieved 27 September 2026.
A first residence permit for work is the first one a citizen of a country outside the EU receives to take a job in Romania. In 2025 it followed a work authorisation and a long stay visa for work; Emergency Ordinance 32/2026 replaces the authorisation with a single application for the visa. It leaves out renewals and permits of less than three months.
Almost every permit issued in 2025 runs for a year or more
The share valid for 12 months or more: 87.3 percent in 2019, 96.3 percent in 2025.
12 months or more96.3%58,593
6 to 11 months2.7%1,667
3 to 5 months1.0%580
201987.3%
202494.1%
202596.3%
Share of permits valid for 12 months or more
Source: Eurostat, migr_resfirst by length of validity, reference years 2019 to 2025, updated 11 September 2026, retrieved 27 September 2026.
Eurostat's count and the national count, 2025
First residence permits for work, Eurostat, 2025
60,840
Work authorisations, General Inspectorate for Immigration, 2025
118,071
In 2025 an authorisation came before the long stay visa and the residence permit: not every authorised hire arrived, and a change of employer needed a new authorisation.
Sources: Eurostat, migr_resfirst, updated 11 September 2026; General Inspectorate for Immigration, analysis of the year 2025, May 2026; retrieved 27 September 2026.
Workforce Migration Report 2026, Romania6
Romania at 5.5 per 1,000 in 2025, Croatia down to 21.1
First residence permits for work for every 1,000 residents aged 20 to 64
The first residence permits for work a country issues in a year, divided by the residents aged 20 to 64 living there on 1 January of that year; the third line is the EU. These are first residence permits only, as Eurostat counts them.
Source: Eurostat, migr_resfirst (first residence permits for employment) and demo_pjangroup (residents aged 20 to 64 on 1 January), reference years 2019 to 2025, updated 11 September 2026 and 25 September 2026, retrieved 27 September 2026. Werklist calculation. The EU line: migr_resfirst and demo_pjangroup for the 27 EU countries (residents aged 20 to 64 in 2024 summed from single years of age, demo_pjan).
Per 1,000 residents aged 20 to 64 in 2025, by length of permit
Romania
Bulgaria
Croatia
EU
All lengths
5.5
3.4
21.1
4.9
12 months or more
5.3
3.1
1.6
3.6
6 months or more
5.4
3.4
16.9
4.8
3 to 5 months
0.1
0.1
4.2
0.2
Source: Eurostat, migr_resfirst by length of validity and demo_pjangroup, 2025, updated 11 and 25 September 2026, retrieved 27 September 2026. Werklist calculation.
Romania issued 5.5 first residence permits for work per 1,000 residents aged 20 to 64 in 2025, above the EU's 4.9 and four times its 1.4 of 2019. Most of Croatia's permits run 6 to 11 months: on permits of a year or more, Romania issues 5.3 and Croatia 1.6.
How Croatia tightened its rules
March 2025The employment service backs a permit for residence and work only if the employer's full time staff from Croatia, the rest of the European Economic Area or Switzerland equal at least 16 percent of its staff from outside the EU (8 percent for occupations on the government's list).
June 2026That share rises to 20 percent (10 percent for listed occupations), and the ministry must decide within 90 days.
June 2027A basic Croatian language exam becomes due at renewal after a year in the country.
Sources: Narodne novine 40/2025 and 55/2026, gazette text, retrieved 27 September 2026.
Workforce Migration Report 2026, Romania7
Nepal leads by far, Sri Lanka comes second
Nepal received 24,486 permits in 2025, 61 percent more than in 2024. The seven countries Werklist recruits from received 55.8 percent, against 56.2 percent in 2024; within them Bangladesh fell from 4,079 to 1,828.
Citizenship
Permits 2024
Permits 2025
Share 2024
Share 2025
Nepal
15,255
24,486
34.6%
40.2%
Sri Lanka
7,039
8,891
16.0%
14.6%
India
3,101
4,371
7.0%
7.2%
Türkiye
2,213
3,405
5.0%
5.6%
Egypt
1,569
2,803
3.6%
4.6%
Bangladesh
4,079
1,828
9.3%
3.0%
Pakistan
1,224
1,595
2.8%
2.6%
The Philippines
802
1,540
1.8%
2.5%
Vietnam
1,029
1,127
2.3%
1.9%
Indonesia
448
508
1.0%
0.8%
Uzbekistan
67
73
0.2%
0.1%
Other origins
7,258
10,213
16.5%
16.8%
All origins
44,084
60,840
100.0%
100.0%
Source: Eurostat, migr_resfirst by citizenship, reference years 2024 and 2025, updated 11 September 2026, retrieved 27 September 2026.
Nepal alone received 40.2% of the permits issued in 2025
The eleven origins named here received 83.2%. The other 16.8% went to many smaller origins, the largest of them Turkmenistan with 1,405 and Moldova with 1,403.
Nepal
40.2%
Sri Lanka
14.6%
India
7.2%
Türkiye
5.6%
Egypt
4.6%
Bangladesh
3.0%
Pakistan
2.6%
The Philippines
2.5%
Vietnam
1.9%
Indonesia
0.8%
Uzbekistan
0.1%
Other origins
16.8%
Source: Eurostat, migr_resfirst by citizenship, reference year 2025, updated 11 September 2026, retrieved 27 September 2026.
The seven sourcing centres received 33,933 permits in Romania in 2025, more than in any of its six peers
Permits in 2025 for citizens of the seven sourcing centres (Nepal, India, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Indonesia and Uzbekistan), in Romania and its six peers, against all first residence permits for work.
Romania
33,933of 60,840
Croatia
23,510of 47,382
Poland
20,853of 318,186
Hungary
19,077of 48,520
Bulgaria
7,964of 12,596
Czechia
7,447of 17,770
Slovakia
6,746of 13,263
Source: Eurostat, migr_resfirst by citizenship, reference year 2025, updated 11 September 2026, retrieved 27 September 2026.
Workforce Migration Report 2026, Romania8
Nepal received 40.2% of the residence permits for work in 2025
First residence permits for work by citizenship, 2019 to 2025
Permits rose from 16,394 in 2019 to 60,840 in 2025. Nepal grew from 1,713 to 24,486 and Sri Lanka from 1,845 to 8,891; Bangladesh rose to 4,079 in 2024, then fell to 1,828.
The sourcing centres of WerklistOther origins
Source: Eurostat, migr_resfirst, first residence permits issued for employment reasons, by citizenship, reference years 2019 to 2025, updated 11 September 2026, retrieved 29 September 2026.
In 2025 the seven sourcing centres received 33,933 first residence permits for work, 55.8 percent: Nepal 24,486, India 4,371, Bangladesh 1,828, the Philippines 1,540, Vietnam 1,127 (3,800 in 2019), Indonesia 508 and Uzbekistan 73.
Citizenship
2019
2023
2024
2025
Share 2025
Nepal
1,713
11,646
15,255
24,486
40.2%
Sri Lanka
1,845
10,092
7,039
8,891
14.6%
India
1,409
4,619
3,101
4,371
7.2%
Türkiye
1,804
2,948
2,213
3,405
5.6%
Egypt
61
1,029
1,569
2,803
4.6%
Bangladesh
219
3,647
4,079
1,828
3.0%
Pakistan
341
1,705
1,224
1,595
2.6%
The Philippines
521
652
802
1,540
2.5%
Vietnam
3,800
754
1,029
1,127
1.9%
Indonesia
38
363
448
508
0.8%
Uzbekistan
1
93
67
73
0.1%
Other origins
4,642
7,114
7,258
10,213
16.8%
All origins
16,394
44,662
44,084
60,840
100.0%
Source: Eurostat, migr_resfirst, first residence permits issued for employment reasons, by citizenship, reference years 2019 to 2025, updated 11 September 2026, retrieved 29 September 2026.
Workforce Migration Report 2026, Romania9
Tighter rules, 871,000 fewer people aged 20 to 64 by 2041
The rules as they stand on 27 September 2026
90,000
Government Decision 1169 of 30 December 2025 caps new foreign hires for 2026 at 90,000, down from 100,000 in 2025, the figure the Ministry of Labour announced. Emergency Ordinance 32/2026, Monitorul Oficial 335 of 27 April 2026, counts the cap in long stay work visas and lets a further decision raise it once it is reached.
289 jobs
Since 6 August 2026 an employer may start a hire only for one of 289 occupations on the shortage list set by ministry order 1073.
1,000 euro
An employer hiring directly lodges a guarantee of 1,000 euro per foreigner, an agency 75,000 euro for up to 250. Neither may charge the foreigner any fee.
Suspended
A court has suspended the shortage list. On 15 September 2026 the ministry said employers cannot now register or file work visa applications, and that it will appeal.
Sources: Government Decision 1169/2025; Emergency Ordinance 32/2026, Monitorul Oficial 335 of 27 April 2026, articles 1, 11, 13, 23 and 25; ministry order 1073/2026, Monitorul Oficial 649 of 6 August 2026; Ministry of Labour, releases of 30 December 2025 and 15 September 2026. All retrieved 27 September 2026.
About 871,000 fewer people aged 20 to 64 by 2041
Eurostat's 2025 projection gives 11,148,144 in 2026 and 10,277,165 in 2041, a fall of 7.8 percent. The number first rises, to 11,207,003 in 2031, then falls.
Source: Eurostat, proj_25np, EUROPOP2025 baseline and migration sensitivity tests, updated 11 June 2026; 2025 observed, demo_pjangroup, updated 25 September 2026; retrieved 27 September 2026.
Citizens of Romania who left in 2024, down from 203,864 in 2019
182,598
More than four for every first residence permit for work issued that year (44,084).
Eurostat, migr_emi1ctz, retrieved 27 September 2026
Unemployment in 2025, against 6.0 percent across the EU
6.1%
Up from 4.9 percent in 2019 and 5.4 percent in 2024.
Eurostat, une_rt_a, retrieved 27 September 2026
New job contracts signed by citizens of countries outside the EU, 2024
98,966
In 2025, up to 25 September, labour inspectors counted 73,213. Both counts are above the first residence permits for work of their year.
Ministry of Labour, release of 30 December 2025, retrieved 27 September 2026
Workforce Migration Report 2026, Romania10
About 54,800 permits in 2026, flat in 2027 at the present quota
We expect about 54,800 first residence permits for work in 2026. For 2027 the range is too wide for a yearly number; the direction is flat. Capped at the quota of 90,000 set by Government Decision 1169 of 30 December 2025, a stated assumption, the line holds about 54,800 a year, 0.61 per place as in 2025. The court suspension of the shortage list of 10 September 2026 is a lower line in 2027, as permits follow the visa filings.
Permits in 2026, our estimate
54,800
between 33,800 and 83,000
Permits a year in 2031, capped at the 2026 quota
54,800
a stated assumption; all lines 54,800 to 74,100; peers' rate 62,500, a scenario
Direction of the rules and of the count
The rulesTightening
The count, 2025Rising
Permits in 2027: flat; the range is too wide for a yearly number
Capped at the 2026 quota, a stated assumption: 54,800 a year until a new quota is published
Permits to 2025, our estimate for 2026 with its range and the direction of 2027 (flat), then four lines on stated assumptions, their spread shaded, and the peers' rate, a scenario, not a forecast: 6.24 permits per 1,000 people aged 20 to 64, the median of the six peers (page 7), against 5.46 in 2025, reached over ten years; it needs a higher quota and the shortage list restored.
ObservedOur estimate, 2026Its rangeLines on stated assumptionsSpread of the linesPeers' rate, a scenario
Source: Werklist estimate from Eurostat migr_resfirst (to 2025, updated 11 September 2026) and Government Decision 1169/2025. The lines from 2027, each a stated assumption: capped at the 2026 quota, 90,000 places times 0.61 permits per place, the ratio of 2025, until a new quota is published; held flat, the count of 2025; court suspension, the 108 days without filings from 15 September to 31 December 2026 taken out of 2027, which those filings would have reached, a bound from the dates, not a sourced size; quota lifted, without the 2026 cut, the rise of the last five years capped at 22.1 percent a year and damped (Emergency Ordinance 32/2026). Peers' rate, a scenario: the median of their 2025 rates, migr_resfirst over EUROPOP2025. Retrieved 27 September 2026. Values rounded to three significant figures; Low and High give the range of 2026, the first row the direction of 2027.
Workforce Migration Report 2026, Romania11
Origins held at their 2025 shares, and the drivers
Each origin keeps its 2025 share: Nepal 40.2%, India 7.2%
Held at the shares of 2025: our method does not carry past changes in the shares forward. For Nepal the range in 2031 is 26.8 to 60.4 percent. The other sourcing centres hold India 7.2 percent, Bangladesh 3.0, the Philippines 2.5, Vietnam 1.9, Indonesia 0.8 and Uzbekistan 0.1; Sri Lanka, the second origin with 14.6 percent, is among all other origins.
All other originsUzbekistanIndonesiaVietnamThe PhilippinesBangladeshIndiaNepal
Source: Werklist estimate on Eurostat migr_resfirst by citizenship, updated 11 September 2026, retrieved 27 September 2026. Shares of each year's permits, to 2035, held at the shares of 2025.
Drivers of the estimate
The 2026 quota sets the line capped at that quota; the working age and the recent trend alone would put the count higher, on the quota lifted line.
People aged 20 to 6458,100 fewer a year
7.8 percent fewer from 2026 to 2041; the rule moves toward 61,000 a year, 1.05 times this loss.
The count's own trendup 35.6 percent a year to 2025
The mean change of the last five years, clamped at 22.1 percent and damped: a factor of 1.22 at most.
Citizens leaving, 20242,195 more returned
182,598 left and 184,793 returned, all ages.
Economic growth, real0.7 percent in 2026
The IMF's projection of real GDP growth for 2026.
The national count beside Eurostat's1.94 times
118,071 work authorisations in 2025, a count of wider scope, against 60,840 at Eurostat.
Permits a year per 1,000 people aged 20 to 645.46 in 2025
Against 6.24, the median of its six peers, and 4.92 across the EU.
Sources: Eurostat proj_25np (EUROPOP2025), migr_emi1ctz and migr_imm1ctz; the Werklist record 2026.1; IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2026; igi.mai.gov.ro; retrieved 27 September 2026.
What could change this
The lines already carry two dated changes: the quota of Government Decision 1169 of 30 December 2025 and the court suspension of 10 September 2026. The third card is a change outside the estimate.
The 2026 quota of 90,000
Government Decision 1169 of 30 December 2025 cut the quota from 100,000 to 90,000. The line capped at the 2026 quota carries it: about 54,800 a year until a new quota is published. Without the cut, the quota lifted line reaches 74,400 by 2035.
The court suspension of the list
The Court of Appeal Bucharest suspended the shortage list on 10 September 2026, and the ministry will appeal. The line capped at the quota leaves it out, as no source sizes it; the court suspension line gives 38,600 in 2027, against 54,800 capped at the quota.
The quota for 2027
The government sets the quota each December: 100,000 for 2025, 90,000 for 2026. The 2027 quota is not yet published. A higher quota would lift the cap on this count, a lower one would pull it down.
Workforce Migration Report 2026, Romania12
How to read this report
What a first residence permit for work is
Eurostat's first residence permits for employment, valid three months or more, without renewals: single permits, EU Blue Cards, intra corporate transfers and seasonal work. The inspectorate's count is wider: 118,071 work authorisations in 2025, changes of employer included. The yearly quota counts newly admitted workers only.
The range and the lines
Our estimate gives a yearly number with a low and a high end for 2026 only, set by how far this method missed on EU and EFTA countries from 2019 to 2025. For 2027 the range is too wide, so we give its direction: flat. Then come four lines on stated assumptions, their spread, and the peers' rate as a scenario. Observed numbers are solid, estimates dashed.
How the estimate is made
We start from the 60,840 permits of 2025, when the quota of 100,000 places was used in full, as the General Inspectorate for Immigration reports: 0.61 permits per place. At the 90,000 places of 2026 the line capped at the quota holds about 54,800 until a new quota is published. The quota lifted line drops the cap and damps the recent rise.
Numbers, dates and words
Past counts are printed exactly; estimates are rounded to three significant figures. The comparisons with the peers and the EU are our arithmetic on Eurostat data. Permits are counted, not people; people appear only where we speak of the population.
Sources
Every source retrieved 27 September 2026; the permits by citizenship for 2019 to 2025 again on 29 September 2026.
Eurostat, migr_resfirst, first residence permits by reason, length of validity and citizenship, reference years 2019 to 2025, updated 11 September 2026. ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/migr_resfirst
Eurostat, demo_gind, demo_pjangroup and demo_pjanbroad, population, births, deaths and age. ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser
Eurostat, migr_imm1ctz and migr_emi1ctz, immigration and emigration by citizenship. ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser
Eurostat, proj_25np, EUROPOP2025 population projection, baseline and migration sensitivity tests, updated 11 June 2026. ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/proj_25np
Eurostat, nama_10_gdp, nama_10_pc, tec00114 and tec00115, GDP, GDP per head and growth. ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser
Eurostat, lfsi_emp_a and une_rt_a, employment and unemployment. ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser
International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, April 2026, real GDP growth. imf.org/external/datamapper
Government of Romania, Emergency Ordinance 32/2026 on the access of foreigners to the labour market, Monitorul Oficial 335, 27 April 2026. igi.mai.gov.ro
General Inspectorate for Immigration, analysis of the year 2025, work authorisations issued in 2024 and 2025, May 2026. igi.mai.gov.ro
Ministry of Labour of Romania, Order 1073/2026, the list of shortage occupations, Monitorul Oficial 649, 6 August 2026. workinromania.gov.ro
Ministry of Labour of Romania, Releases of 30 December 2025 (the 2026 quota, Government Decision 1169/2025) and 15 September 2026 (the suspension of the shortage list by the Court of Appeal Bucharest, 10 September 2026). mmuncii.gov.ro
Council of the European Union, Decision (EU) 2024/3212, Schengen land borders with Bulgaria and Romania. eur-lex.europa.eu
Narodne novine, Croatia, Foreigners Act amendments, issues 40/2025 and 55/2026. narodne-novine.nn.hr
Photographs and flags
Pexels: Bucharest at night, Angelos Lamprakopoulos (cover); Sibiu old town, Sergey Guk (page 3); port cranes, Enes Beydilli; the Arch of Triumph, Bucharest, Angelos Lamprakopoulos; tower cranes, Airam Dato-on; a tram in Timișoara, Adrian Frentescu; the Transfăgărășan road, Cristian Coaja (back cover). Flags: circle-flags by HatScripts, MIT licence.
Workforce Migration Report 2026, Romania
werklist.com
What this report answers
How many first residence permits for work has Romania issued each year since 2019?
60,840 in 2025, 38.0% more than the 44,084 of 2024 and almost four times the 16,394 of 2019.
Which countries do the new hires come from, and which are growing?
Nepal leads by far: 24,486 permits in 2025, 40.2% of the total and 61 percent more than in 2024, ahead of Sri Lanka with 8,891 and India with 4,371. Bangladesh fell from 4,079 to 1,828.
How does Romania compare with its neighbours per resident?
5.5 first residence permits for work for every 1,000 residents aged 20 to 64 in 2025, above the EU's 4.9 and Bulgaria's 3.4, below Croatia's 21.1. On permits of a year or more, Romania issues 5.3 and Croatia 1.6.
Which rules apply to employers who hire from abroad?
The quota for 2026 is 90,000, down from 100,000. Since 6 August 2026 a hire may start only for one of 289 occupations on the shortage list, which a court has suspended, and an employer lodges a guarantee of 1,000 euro per foreigner and may charge no fee.
How is the working age population changing?
Eurostat projects 11,148,144 people aged 20 to 64 in 2026 and 10,277,165 in 2041: about 871,000 fewer, a fall of 7.8 percent after a small rise to 2031.
How many first residence permits for work do we expect Romania to issue in 2026, and what comes after?
About 54,800 in 2026, between 33,800 and 83,000, at the quota of 90,000. For 2027 the range is too wide for a yearly number; the direction is flat. Capped at the 2026 quota, a stated assumption, the line holds 54,800 a year; all lines run from 54,800 to 74,100 in 2031.
The full report answers each question with its figures, charts and sources. Request the full report
Photographs: Bucharest at night by Angelos Lamprakopoulos (Pexels); Sibiu old town by Sergey Guk (Pexels); Port cranes by Enes Beydilli (Pexels); The Arch of Triumph, Bucharest by Angelos Lamprakopoulos (Pexels); Tower cranes by Airam Dato-on (Pexels); A tram in Timișoara by Adrian Frentescu (Pexels).
Romania
Bulgaria
Croatia
Nepal
Sri Lanka
India
Türkiye
Egypt
Bangladesh
Pakistan
The Philippines
Vietnam
Indonesia
Uzbekistan
Poland
Hungary
Czechia
Slovakia